Suplementação de prebiótico (mananoligossacarídeo) na dieta de dois genótipos de codornas em crescimento / Prebiotic supplementation (mannan oligosaccharides) on the diet of two quails genotypes during growth / Suplementación prebiótica (mananoligosacáridos) en dieta de dos genotipos de codorniz en crecimiento

O uso de antibióticos como aditivo melhorador de desempenho tem sido proibido pela possibilidade de favorecer o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana em humanos. Com isso, o objetivo da realização do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação do prebiótico mananoligossacarídeo na alimentação de codornas japonesas e europeias em crescimento. Foram usadas 240 codornas de cada linhagem (Coturnix japonica e Coturnix coturnix) distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e arranjados em fatorial 2 x 4 (genótipos x níveis de suplementação de prebiótico) e seis repetições de dez aves. As codornas foram alimentadas com ração basal suplementadas com 0,0; 0,05; 0,10 e 0,15% de mananoligossacarídeo em substituição ao inerte. Não houve efeito de interação para nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas (P>0,05). Os níveis de suplementação do prebiótico não afetaram o desempenho e as características de carcaça (P>0,05) das codornas. O consumo de ração não foi alterado entre os genótipos (P>0,05), por outro lado, as codornas europeias apresentaram maior ganho de peso e melhor valor de conversão alimentar (P≤0,05) que as codornas japonesas. Os genótipos comerciais de codornas diferiram nas características de carcaça (P≤0,05). Recomenda-se formular rações sem suplementação do prebiótico mananoligossacarídeo para codornas japonesas e europeias de 21 a 42 dias de idade em ambiente considerando limpo.(AU)

The use of antibiotics as a feed additive promoting performance has been prohibited due to the possibility of favoring bacterial resistance in humans. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to assess the effect of mannan oligosaccharides supplementation in prebiotic feed provided to Japanese and European quails during the growth stage. A total of 240 quails for each strain (Coturnix japonica and Coturnix coturnix) were used, distributed in a completely randomized design and arranged in a 2 x 4 (genotypes x prebiotic supplementation levels) matrix, with six replications containing ten birds each. The quails were fed with basal feed supplemented with 0.0; 0.05; 0.10 and 0.15% mannan oligosaccharide prebiotic. There was no interaction effect for any of the assessed variables (P> 0.05). The prebiotic supplementation levels did not affect performance and carcass characteristics (P> 0.05) of the quails. Feed intake was not changed between genotypes (P> 0.05); on the other hand, European quails showed greater weight gain and better feed conversion rate (P≤ 0.05) than Japanese quails. Commercial genotypes differed inn carcass characteristics (P≤ 0.05). It is recommended that feeds are formulated without supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides prebiotic for Japanese and European quails aged 21 to 42-days' old in production environment that are considered clean.(AU)

El uso de antibióticos como aditivo de mejora de rendimiento ha sido prohibido por la posibilidad de promover el desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana en humanos. Por lo tanto, el propósito de llevar a cabo este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación del prebiótico mananoligosacáridos en la alimentación de codornices japonesas y europeas en crecimiento. Se usaron 240 codornices de cada linaje (Coturnix japonica y Coturnix coturnix) distribuidas en un diseño completamente aleatorizado y dispuestos en factorial 2 x 4 (genotipos x niveles de suplementación prebiótica) y seis repeticiones de diez aves. Las codornices fueron alimentadas con la dieta basal suplementadas con 0,0; 0,05; 0,10 y 0,15% mananoligosacárido en sustitución al inerte. No hubo efecto de interacción para ninguna de las variables evaluadas (P >0,05). Los niveles de suplementación del prebiótico no afectaron el rendimiento y las características del caparazón (P >0,05) de las codornices. El consumo de alimento no se cambió entre los genotipos (P > 0,05), por otro lado, las codornices Europeas presentaron mayor ganancia de peso y mejor valor de conversión del alimento (p≤ 0.05) que las codornices japonesas. Los genotipos comerciales de codornices difirieron en las características del caparazón (p≤ 0.05). Se recomienda formular dietas sin suplementación del prebiótico mananoligosacáridos para codornices japonesas y europeas de 21 a 42 días de edad en ambiente considerado limpio.(AU)

Microbiota e barreira intestinal: implicações para obesidade / Microbiota and intestinal barrier: implications for obesity

A epidemia da obesidade é considerada um importante problema de saúde pública na sociedade ocidental, pois ela se relaciona a comorbidades como síndrome metabólica, diabetes mellitus e hipertensão. A microbiota intestinal pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento da obesidade através do aumento da extração energética dos componentes da dieta, da lipogênese, da permeabilidade intestinal e da endotoxemia, mediada especialmente pelos lipopolissacarídeos. Estudos têm demonstrado diferenças na composição da microbiota intestinal entre indivíduos obesos e magros. Ao que parece, o aumento na proporção de Firmicutes em relação a Bacteroidetes parece estar presente na obesidade, podendo ser alterado à medida que ocorre perda de peso. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura acerca dos mecanismos que relacionam a microbiota e a barreira intestinal ao desenvolvimento ou agravamento da obesidade (AU)

The epidemic of obesity is considered an important public health problem in the Western society and is related to comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The intestinal microbiota may contribute to the development of obesity by increasing energy extraction from the dietary components, lipogenesis, intestinal permeability, and endotoxemia, especially mediated by lipopolysaccharides. Studies have demonstrated differences in composition of the intestinal microbiota between obese and lean individuals. Apparently, the increase in the proportion of Firmicutes in relation to Bacteroidetes seems to be present in obesity and can be changed during weight loss. The aim of this study was to review the mechanisms that relate microbiota and intestinal barrier to the development or worsening of obesity (AU)

Efeito de prebióticos e probióticos na microbiota intestinal e nas alterações metabólicas de indivíduos obesos / Effect of prebiotics and probiotics on the gut microbiota and metabolic changes in obese individuals

Currently, the growing prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities is a major public health problem. The intestine is a complex organ that has been increasingly studied in obesity because of its ability to signal pathways involved in the pathophysiology of this disease. OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to clarify the main effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the intestinal microbiota and metabolic abnormalities of obese subjects. Data source: The survey of articles was conducted at PubMed database using the following keywords: 'obesity', 'gut microbiota', 'probiotic' and 'prebiotic' involving scientific works published between 2009 and 2014. Data synthesis: We found that the intestinal microbiota can be modulated by diet, and it acts on the control of food intake by interacting with receptors and enzymes that interfere in the metabolic changes arising from obesity and in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Animal research has shown positive results with the use of prebiotics and probiotics as adjuncts in the treatment of obesity; however, results with humans still present controversial data. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of the relationship between diet, microbiota and immune system shows that a better understanding of the role of microbiota in obesity leads to new perspectives in the development of therapies for this disease

A crescente prevalência da obesidade e suas comorbidades tem sido um dos principais problemas de saúde pública atualmente. O intestino é um órgão complexo, cada vez mais estudado na obesidade pela sua capacidade de sinalizar vias metabólicas envolvidas na fisiopatologia dessa doença. OBJETIVO: Esclarecer os principais efeitos de probióticos e prebióticos nas alterações metabólicas e da microbiota intestinal de indivíduos obesos. Fonte de dados: O levantamento dos artigos foi realizado na base de dados Pubmed, utilizando os descritores: obesity, gut microbiota, probiotic e prebiotic envolvendo publicações no período de 2009 a 2014. Síntese dos dados: Constatou-se que a microbiota intestinal pode ser modulada pela dieta e atuar no controle da ingestão alimentar interagindo com receptores e enzimas que interferem nas alterações metabólicas decorrentes da obesidade e na modulação da resposta inflamatória. Pesquisas com animais mostraram resultados positivos do uso de prebióticos e probióticos como coadjuvantes no tratamento da obesidade, contudo, os resultados com humanos ainda apresentam dados controversos. CONCLUSÕES: Evidências da relação entre dieta, microbiota e sistema imune demonstram que a melhor compreensão do papel da microbiota na obesidade leva a novas perspectivas no desenvolvimento de terapias para a obesidade

Biochemical effect of some feed additives and immunological response in broilder chickens

This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with prebiotics beta-glucan, MOS 500 and Bio MOS [registered sign] on the broilers performance, biochemical parameters and immune response for 5 weeks. One hundred and twenty 1-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatment groups as follows: control, beta-glucan [1g/kg], MOS 500 [0.5g/kg] and Bio MOS [registered sign] [1g/kg]. Each treatment was divided into three replicates [ten birds/ replicate]. The overall BW gains of birds treated with prebiotics were significantly [P <0.01] higher than those of the control group. During the experiment, the birds fed supplemental Bio MOS [registered sign] gave the best FCR followed by beta-glucan MOS 500 and then the control group. Addition of these prebiotics were improved the levels of serum total protein and globulin which in turn support the immune function against NDV and IBDV. In addition to, supplementation of broiler chicks by beta-glucan, MOS 500 and Bio-MOS [registered sign] had no effect on the liver transmination enzymes and some kidney function which represent the non pathological metabolism of the liver and kidneys indicating their safety supplementation in broiler feed

Prebiotics for feeding of preterm infants

The intestinal flora of breast-fed infants is generally dominated by bifidobacteria which have beneficial properties. Their presence is due to various components of breast milk, including prebiotic substances. These prebiotics were added to artificial milk formulae to mimic breast milk in its action on intestinal flora. The aim of the study was to compare a prebiotic enriched formula versus a standard formula in feeding premature neonates as regards: Daily weight gain, feeding intolerance, stool frequency, electrolyte disturbance, duration of hospital stay and outcome. A prospective double-blinded study including hundred preterm neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Cairo University over the period from October 2008 to May 2009. Fifty preterms were randomly assigned to receive milk formula enriched with prebiotics in the form of Galactooligosaccharides and Fructooligosaccharides [0.8g/100mI dilution] by naso gastric tube [group 1]. Fifty other preterms of matched gestational age and birth weight were randomly assigned to receive milk formula not enriched with prebiotics by naso gastric feeding [group2]. Both milk formulae were equal in caloric content. Neonates received the formula until they were discharged. None of the studied neonates received total parentral nutrition. Preterms in both groups were compared regarding their daily weight gain, number of stool motions, consistency of stools, development of feeding intolerance in the form of vomiting, constipation, crying, abdominal distension following feeds, gastric residual>25% of the feed, and outcome. Patients were classified into two groups. Group 1, including 50 preterms receiving prebiotics enriched formula and group 2, including 50 preterms receiving non enriched formula. Mean gesfational age was 32.52 +/- 1.502 weeks in group 1 versus 32.58 +/- 1.63 weeks in group 2, Pvalue 0.31 [NS] .Mean birth weight was 1693 +/- 0.7 gm in group 1 versus 1704 +/- 1 gm in group 2, P value 0.407 [NS]. Caesarean section was performed in 68% of deliveries in both groups. Males were 58% in both groups. Mean daily weight gain was 26.934 +/- 4.6914 gm in group 1 compared to 24.048 +/- 7.5215 gm in group 2, P value 0.001 [HS]. Number of stool motions was 2.450 +/- 0.4473 motions/day in group 1 versus 1.548 +/- 0.269 motions/day in group 2 P value 0.001 [HS]. Stool consistency was softer in group I than in group 2. Feeding intolerance was detected in 8% of cases in group 1 [4% had gastric residue>25% of the feed, 2% had abdominal distension following the feed, and 2% had constipation] versus 30% in group 2 [12%had gastric residue>25%, 10% had abdominal distension following the feeds and 8%had constipation P value 0.001 [HS]. Laboratory investigations performed at day 7 revealed the following: Mean HB 11.7 +/- 2 gm/dl in group I versus 11.4 +/- 2.6 in group 2, P value 0.591 [NS]. Mean total leukocytic count was 8.8 +/- 5.3 in group I versus 11.6 +/- 6 in group2, P value 0.102 [NS]. Mean platelet count was 228.5 +/- 98.7 in group 1 versus 190.5 +/- 96.6 in group 2, P value 0.137 [NS]. In group 1, six percent of patients developed positive C-Reactive Protein, 2% had I :T Ratio>0.2 in complete blood while 16% developed positive C-Reactive Protein, 6% had I :T Ratio>0.2 in complete blood count in group 2. Mean duration of hospital stay was 13 +/- 5days in group I versus 19 +/- 8 days in group 2, P value 0.001[HS]. According to outcome: 2% died in group I versus 6% in group 2. Breast-feeding remains the gold standard for infant nutrition. Prebiotic supplementation to infant formula is a trial to mimic the composition of breast milk. Prebiotic supplementation appears safe and improves daily weight gain, entral tolerance, increases stool frequency, softens its consistency to mimic that observed in breast fed infants and reduces the duration of hospital stay

Prebióticos: efeitos benéficos à saúde humana / Prebiotics: beneficial effects to human health

The world market of functional foods is in full expansion and seeking new products with technologic and physiologic functional features. A wide variety of prebiotic agents are currently commercially available, including lactose-derived carbohydrates (lactulose and lactitol), in ulines and fruto-oligosaccharides.These carbohydrates are not digested, for they are resistant to digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract, being, nonetheless, fermented by colonic bacteria, which are the probiotic bacteria, such as bifido bacteria and lactobacilli promoters of beneficial actions to the host organism. There is a possibility of manipulation of the intestinal microbiota by introducing prebiotics in the diet, which allows the potentialization of these actions, by balancing the intestinal microbiota, producing short chain fatty acids,reducing the blood levels of ammonia, reducing the risk for carcinogenesis and reducing blood tryglicerides

El mercado mundial de alimentos funcionales seencuentra en pleno crecimiento buscando siempre nuevos productos con características funcionales tecnológicas y fisiológicas. Existe actualmente una gran cantidad de sustancias prebióticas disponibles comercialmente como los derivados de la lactosa (lactulosa y lactitol), inulina y fructo oligosacáridos. Estos son carbohidratos resistentes a las enzimas digestivas del tracto gastrointestinal humano, que son fermentables por algunas bacterias del intestino grueso,principalmente especies de Bifido bacterium y Lactobacillus, conocidas hoy en día como bacterias prebióticas, que desarrollan atividades benéficas a la salud humana. Es posible alterar la micro biota intestinal a través de la introducción en la dieta de prebióticos que inducen el aumento de las bacterias probióticas, mejorando el balance de la micro biota intestinal, aumentan la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles de cadena corta, reducen el nivel de amonio en la sangre, reducen el riesgo de carcinogénesis y disminuyen el nivel de triglicéridos sanguíneos.

O mercado mundial de alimentos funcionais está em pleno crescimento e procurando sempre novos produtos com características funcionais tecnológicas e fisiológicas. Atualmente, existe uma grande variedade de substâncias prebióticas disponíveis comercialmente, como os carboidratos derivados da lactose (lactulose e lactitol), inulinase fruto oligossacarídeos. Estes carboidratos não são digeríveis, por serem resistentes à ação das enzimas digestivas do trato gastrintestinal. Sendo, entretanto, fermentados pelas espécies de bactéria do cólon, que normalmente são as bactérias probióticas como as bífido bactérias e os lactobacilos promotores de atividades benéfica são organismo do hospedeiro. A possibilidade de manipular a microbiota intestinal pela introdução na dieta de prebióticos permite potencializar essas atividades benéficas, através do balanço da microbiota intestinal, da produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, redução dos níveis de amônia sangüínea, redução do risco de carcinogênese e redução dos triglicerídeos sangüíneos